Cancer Screening: Patient Navigation Services to Increase Breast Cancer Screening and Advance Health Equity

Snapshot What the CPSTF Found Supporting Materials Considerations for Implementation

Summary of CPSTF Finding

The Community Preventive Services Task Force (CPSTF) recommends patient navigation services to increase breast cancer screening by mammography among historically disadvantaged racial and ethnic populations and people with lower incomes.

Patient navigation services are expected to advance health equity when implemented among these populations who often have lower screening rates (Sabatino et al. 2021). With timely and appropriate follow-up care and treatment, patient navigation services may improve health for these groups.

The CPSTF has related findings for patient navigation interventions to increase screenings for the following:

Cervical cancer (recommended)
Colorectal cancer (recommended)

CPSTF finds patient navigation services to increase breast cancer screening are cost-effective. Systematic review evidence shows estimates of cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained are below a conservative threshold of $50,000.

Intervention

Patient navigation services provided through healthcare systems help patients overcome barriers to accessing breast cancer screening. Services are offered to populations experiencing greater disparities in cancer screening, including people from historically disadvantaged racial and ethnic populations and people with lower incomes. Patient navigation services do one or more of the following:

Provide client reminders
Reduce structural barriers (e.g., modify administrative processes; assist with appointment scheduling, transportation, translation, or childcare; arrange alternative screening sites or hours)
Reduce patients’ out-of-pocket costs

Services may also provide one-on-one or group education to inform patients’ understanding of cancer and cancer screening.

Services may be delivered by community health workers (CHWs), healthcare professionals, nurses, patient navigators, social workers, or others. They are often designed to be culturally- and language-appropriate.

CPSTF Finding and Rationale Statement

Read the full CPSTF Finding and Rationale Statement for details including implementation issues, possible added benefits, potential harms, and evidence gaps.

Promotional Materials

Community Guide News

One Pager

Patient Navigation Services to Increase Breast Cancer Screening

Graphic for Social Media

Please visit our social media messages and graphics page for full sized images and suggested social media messages.

About The Systematic Review

The CPSTF finding is based on evidence from a systematic review that examined intervention effectiveness in increasing breast, cervical, or colorectal cancer screenings. The review included 34 studies identified from an existing systematic review (Nelson et al. 2020; search period January 1996 to July 2019) and an updated search (search period through November 2021).

Of the 34 included studies, 11 evaluated intervention effects on breast cancer screening.

The systematic review was conducted on behalf of the CPSTF by a team of specialists in systematic review methods, and in research, practice, and policy related to cancer prevention and control.

Context

Screening for breast cancer, combined with appropriate follow-up diagnosis and treatment, can reduce cancer-related mortality (USPSTF 2016). In 2018, breast cancer screening rates in the United States were below the Healthy People 2020 targets, and Healthy People 2030 adjusted their targets based on 2018 data.

Patient navigation services aim to eliminate barriers and promote access to timely diagnosis and treatment of cancer (Freeman et al. 2011). These services guide patients through a healthcare system from pre-diagnosis through all phases of cancer treatment (Freeman et al. 2011). Barriers may be financial or structural or they may be related to communication or access to information (CDC 2021). Barriers may also include patients’ mistrust of the healthcare system or fear of possible cancer diagnoses (CDC 2021; Freeman et al. 2011).

Summary of Results

Detailed results from the systematic review are available in the CPSTF Finding and Rationale Statement.

The systematic review included 11 studies. Patient navigation interventions increased breast cancer screening.

Breast cancer screening increased by a median of 12.0 percentage points or 54.5% (11 studies)
Meta-analysis: risk ratio of 1.32, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.62 (10 studies). When compared with participants in control groups, those in intervention groups were 32% more likely to get screened for breast cancer.

Summary of Economic Evidence

Detailed results from the systematic review are available in the CPSTF Finding and Rationale Statement.

A systematic review of economic evidence shows patient navigation services to increase breast cancer screening are cost-effective.

The economic review (search period through December 2022) included three studies for breast cancer and two studies for multiple cancers (breast, cervical, and other cancers). All studies were conducted in the United States, and monetary values are reported in 2022 dollars.

Intervention Cost

Intervention costs per person for breast cancer screening intervention: $109, $3,251, and $10,245 (3 studies).
- Estimated cost per person, specifically for patient navigation services, ranged from $100 for the lowest cost intervention to $147 for the highest cost intervention. Overall costs varied widely based on the other types of services included in cost analyses. The National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program, for example, included screening, diagnostic, and treatment costs.
Incremental costs per additional person screened for breast cancer: $154 and $740 (2 studies).

Economic Benefit

An increase in screenings is expected to raise healthcare costs initially due to an associated increase in diagnostic tests and follow up treatment costs. Over time, however, earlier detection of cancer is expected to lower treatment costs and lead to economic benefits.

Healthcare cost per person for breast cancer screening intervention increased by $202 and $2,437 (2 studies)

Cost-effectiveness

The systematic economic review finds patient navigation services to increase breast cancer screening are cost-effective with all three estimates of cost per QALY gained falling below the conservative threshold of $50,000.

Cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained for breast cancer interventions: $3,852 and $39,159 with a lifetime horizon (2 studies).
Cost per life year gained for breast cancer intervention: $22,889 (1 study). When translated into QALY, this estimate is below $45,778 per QALY gained.

Applicability

Based on results from the systematic review, findings are applicable to all adults and adults aged 65 years or older with different baseline screening statuses, across educational levels, employment, and insurance status.

Evidence suggests programs can be offered in urban or rural settings, include different intervention components, and be delivered by a range of providers who work alone or as part of a team.

Evidence Gaps

CPSTF identified several areas that have limited information. Additional research and evaluation could help answer the following questions and fill remaining gaps in the evidence base. Evidence gaps were identified for breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer screenings. (What are evidence gaps?)

CPSTF identified the following questions as priorities for research and evaluation:

How effective are patient navigation services in increasing the following?
- Repeat screenings (the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends repeating breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer screenings at appropriate intervals [USPSTF 2016, 2018, 2021]); the included studies examined one-time screenings
- The proportion of patients with positive screening tests who receive follow-up diagnostic tests
- Cervical cancer screening for younger females (USPSTF recommends females start regular cervical cancer screening at age 21 years [USPSTF 2018]); the included studies recruited participants with a median age of 59.5 years.
What is the cost-effectiveness of patient navigation services to increase cervical cancer screening?

Remaining questions for research and evaluation identified by CPSTF:

How effective are patient navigation services in increasing the following?
- Cervical cancer screening that includes HPV tests (following the 2018 update from USPSTF that recommended high risk HPV testing alone or in combination with cytology for women aged 30 to 65 years)
- Colorectal cancer screening for adults aged 45-49 years (following the 2021 update from USPSTF that lowered the starting age for colorectal cancer screenings)
- Colorectal cancer screening using other USPSTF-recommended tests such as the stool DNA test, flexible sigmoidoscopy, or computed tomography colonography
Does intervention effectiveness vary by the following?
- Participants’ health literacy
- Number of interactions between service deliverers and participants
What is the precise economic impact of patient navigation services within comprehensive health promotion interventions?

Study Characteristics

The following characteristics describe the 34 included studies across all three cancer types.

All included studies were conducted in the United States.
Studies were conducted in clinic (22 studies) or clinic and community (12 studies) settings, and in urban (26 studies), rural (5 studies), or a mix of urban and rural areas (2 studies).
Study participants had a mean age of 59.5 years (25 studies), self-identified as American Indian or Alaska Native (1 study), Asian (4 studies), Black or African American (15 studies), Hispanic or Latino (11 studies), Native Hawaiian (1 study), or White (14 studies).
Among studies that reported on income and education, the majority of study participants had annual incomes below 150% of the federal poverty level (16 studies), and had a high school education or less (14 studies).
Interventions offered one to six services including assistance with appointment scheduling (20 studies) or transportation (13 studies), reductions in administrative barriers (23 studies), and one-on-one education (24 studies).
Services were delivered remotely (15 studies) or both remotely and face-to-face (18 studies); no services were delivered face-to-face only.
Services were most often delivered by CHWs or dedicated patient navigators who worked alone (CHWs, 6 studies; navigator, 14 studies) or on a team (CHWs, 3 studies; navigator, 6 studies).

Analytic Framework

Effectiveness Review

When starting an effectiveness review, the systematic review team develops an analytic framework. The analytic framework illustrates how the intervention approach is thought to affect public health. It guides the search for evidence and may be used to summarize the evidence collected. The analytic framework often includes intermediate outcomes, potential effect modifiers, potential harms, and potential additional benefits.

Economic Review

The economic review team develops an analytic framework to align economic outcomes with each stage of the effectiveness review analytic framework. It informs the economic research questions and may be used to summarize the evidence for intervention cost, economic benefit, cost-effectiveness, and cost-benefit.

Summary Evidence Table

Effectiveness Review

Summary Evidence Table – Effectiveness Review [PDF – 266 KB]

Economic Review

Summary Evidence Table – Economic Review [PDF – 259 KB]

Included Studies

The number of studies and publications do not always correspond (e.g., a publication may include several studies, or one study may be explained in several publications).

Effectiveness Review

Braun KL, Thomas Jr WL, Domingo JLB, et al. Reducing cancer screening disparities in Medicare beneficiaries through cancer patient navigation. Journal of American Geriatric Society 2015;63(2):365-70.

Dietrich A, Tobin J, Cassells A, et al. Telephone care management to improve cancer screening among low-income women: a randomized, controlled trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 2006;144(8):563-71.

Fernandez-Esquer ME, Nguyen FM, Atkinson JS, et al. Suc Khoe la Hanh Phuc (Health is Happiness): promoting mammography and pap test adherence among Vietnamese nail salon workers. Women & Health 2020;60(10):1206-17.

Fiscella K, Humiston S, Hendren S, et al. A multimodal intervention to promote mammography and colorectal cancer screening in a safety-net practice. Journal of the National Medical Association 2011;103(8):762-8.

Fortuna RJ, Idris A, Winters P, et al. Get screened: a randomized trial of the incremental benefits of reminders, recall, and outreach on cancer screening. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2014;29(1):90-7.

Marshall JK, Mbah OM, Ford JG, et al. Effect of patient navigation on breast cancer screening among African American Medicare beneficiaries: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2016;31(1):68-76.

Paskett E, Tatum C, Rushing J, et al. Randomized trial of an intervention to improve mammography utilization among a triracial rural population of women. Journal of National Cancer Institute 2006;98(17):1226-37.

Percac-Lima S, Milosavljevic B, Oo SA, et al. Patient navigation to improve breast cancer screening in Bosnian refugees and immigrants. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 2012;14(4):727-30.

Phillips CE, Rothstein JD, Beaver K, et al. Patient navigation to increase mammography screening among inner city women. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2011;26(2):123-9.

Russell KM, Champion VL, Monahan PO, et al. Randomized trial of a lay health advisor and computer intervention to increase mammography screening in African American women. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention 2010;19(1):201-10.

Weber BE, Reilly BM. Enhancing mammography use in the inner city: a randomized trial of intensive case management. Archives of Internal Medicine 1997;157(20):2345-9.

Economic Review

Allaire BT, Ekwueme D, Hoerger TJ, et al. Cost-effectiveness of patient navigation for breast cancer screening in the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program. Cancer Causes & Control 2019;30:923-9.

Lairson DR, Huo J, Ricks KAB, et al. The cost of implementing a 2-1-1 call center-based cancer control navigator program. Evaluation and Program Planning 2013:39:51-6.

Li Y, Erin C, Denise AH, et al. Patient perception and cost-effectiveness of a patient navigation program to improve breast cancer screening for Hispanic women. Health Equity 2019;3(1):280-6.

Li Y, Carlson E, Villarreal R, et al. Cost-effectiveness of a patient navigation program to improve cervical cancer screening. American Journal of Management Care 2017;23(7):429-34.

Mitchell JB, Bir A, Hoover S, et al. Evaluation of the Cancer Prevention and Treatment Demonstration for Ethnic and Racial Minorities. In Final Report to Congress. Waltham, MA: RTI International; 2013. Available from URL: https://innovation.cms.gov/files/reports/cptd-final.pdf [PDF – 858 KB]. Accessed 7/17/23.

Thompson B, Elizabeth A, Carosso E, et al. Results of a randomized controlled trial to increase cervical cancer screening among rural Latinas. Cancer 2017;123(4):666-74.

Weber, BE, Reilly BM. Enhancing mammography use in the inner city: a randomized trial of intensive case management. Archives of Internal Medicine 1997;157(20):2345-9.

Additional Materials

Reaching Communities through Patient Navigation: Evidence for Action (May 2, 2023)
Hosted by the American Cancer Society National Navigation Roundtable, the webinar features speakers from The Community Guide, the Professional Oncology Navigation Task Force, and CDC’s Community Guide Program and Division of Cancer Control and Prevention

Oncology Navigation Standards of Professional Practice
These standards provide clinical oncology nurse navigators, social work navigators, and patient navigators clear information about best practices in the provision of professional care.
Developed by the Academy of Oncology Nurse & Patient Navigators and other organizations of the Professional Oncology Navigation Task Force

National Navigation Roundtable (NNRT) Resource Center
NNRT offers resources to support the patient navigation services community.
Hosted by the American Cancer Society

Search Strategies

Effectiveness Review

The review included studies from a published systematic review (Nelson et al. 2020, 29 studies; search period January 1, 1996, to July 6, 2019) and an updated search (5 studies; search period July 1, 2019, to November 30, 2021). The updated search used the same search strategy from Nelson et al., with detailed search strategy and results listed below. Two team members independently screened each paper identified to determine eligibility. Uncertainties and disagreements were resolved by consensus among review team members.

Overall Search Results:
Databases	Date	Results	Duplicates	Final Results
Medline (OVID) 1946 –	11/24/21	2,735	0	2,735
APA PsycInfo (OVID)	11/24/21	907	91	816
Sociology Database Sogicolocial Abstracts (Proquest Central) 1952-	11/27/21	132	41	91
Scopus 1960	11/29/21	666	371	295
Cochrane Library	11/24/21	205	70	135
Total		4,645	572	4,073

Appendix A. Literature Search Strategies

Database: Ovid MEDLINE® July 2019 thru Nov 2021

Broad search:

1 Healthcare Disparities/

2 “Health Services Needs and Demand”/

3 exp Health Services Accessibility/

4 exp Socioeconomic Factors/

5 Minority Groups/

6 exp Population Groups/

7 vulnerable populations/ or working poor/

8 exp Disabled Persons/

9 exp Sexual Minorities/

10 Minority Health/

11 cultural competency/ or cultural diversity/

12 1 or 2 or 3

13 or/4-11

14 13 and (equity or equitable or equal* or fair or parity or unequal* or inequal* or inequit* or undertreat* or under-treat* or access* or disparit* or discriminat*).ti,ab,kw.

15 12 or 14

16 exp Preventive Health Services/

17 exp Mass Screening/

18 exp Health Promotion/

19 (“United States Preventive Services Task Force” or “U.S. Preventive Services Task Force” or “U.S.P.S.T.F.” or “USPSTF”).ti,ab,kw,au.

20 or/16-19

21 exp diabetes mellitus, type 2/ or prediabetic state/

22 exp Cardiovascular Diseases/

23 Aspirin/

24 exp breast neoplasms/ or exp colorectal neoplasms/ or exp lung neoplasms/ or uterine cervical neoplasms/

25 exp Obesity/

26 Smoking/

27 exp “Tobacco Use Cessation”/

28 21 or (22 and 23) or 24 or 25 or 26

29 27 or 28

30 29 and pc.fs.

31 20 or 30

32 15 and 31

33 exp united states/ or baltimore/ or boston/ or chicago/ or “district of columbia”/ or los angeles/ or new york city/ or san francisco/

34 (“united states” or “u.s.” or alabama or alaska or arizona or arkansas or california or colorado or connecticut or delaware or florida or georgia or hawaii or idaho or illinois or indiana or iowa or kansas or kentucky or louisiana or maine or maryland or massachusetts or michigan or minnesota or mississippi or missouri or montana or nebraska or nevada or “new hampshire” or “new jersey” or “new mexico” or “new york” or “north carolina” or “north dakota” or ohio or oklahoma or oregon or pennsylvania or “rhode island” or “south carolina” or “south dakota” or tennesee or texas or utah or vermont or virginia or washington or “west virginia” or wisconsin or wyoming).ti,ab,kw.

35 32 and (33 or 34)

36 africa/ or caribbean region/ or central america/ or canada/ or greenland/ or mexico/ or south america/ or exp asia/ or exp europe/

37 35 not 36

38 limit 37 to (meta analysis or systematic reviews)

39 (medline or systematic or metaanalysis or “meta analysis”).ti,ab.

40 37 and 39

41 38 or 40

42 limit 41 to english language

43 37 not 42

44 (201907* or 201908* or 201909* or 201910* or 201911* or 201912* or 2020* or 2021*).dt.

45 43 and 44 867

Focused search: evidence gaps

1 Healthcare Disparities/ 20269

2 “Health Services Needs and Demand”/ 54678

3 exp Health Services Accessibility/ 120117

4 exp Socioeconomic Factors/ 481169

5 Minority Groups/ 15822

6 exp Population Groups/ 321010

7 vulnerable populations/ or working poor/ 12188

8 exp Disabled Persons/ 69810

9 exp Sexual Minorities/ 10967

10 Minority Health/ 861

11 cultural competency/ or cultural diversity/ 17597

12 1 or 2 or 3 180299

13 or/4-11 849167

14 13 and (equity or equitable or equal* or fair or parity or unequal* or inequal* or inequit* or undertreat* or under-treat* or access* or disparit* or discriminat*).ti,ab,kw. 120769

15 12 or 14 275025

16 exp Preventive Health Services/ 636769

17 exp Mass Screening/ 137402

18 exp Health Promotion/ 81963

19 (“United States Preventive Services Task Force” or “U.S. Preventive Services Task Force” or “U.S.P.S.T.F.” or “USPSTF”).ti,ab,kw,au. 3039

20 or/16-19 650299

21 exp diabetes mellitus, type 2/ or prediabetic state/ 154697

22 exp Cardiovascular Diseases/ 2555761

23 Aspirin/ 46715

24 exp breast neoplasms/ or exp colorectal neoplasms/ or exp lung neoplasms/ or uterine cervical neoplasms/ 833088

25 exp Obesity/ 235735

26 Smoking/ 145101

27 exp “Tobacco Use Cessation”/ 1324

28 21 or (22 and 23) or 24 or 25 or 26 1340617

29 27 or 28 1341591

30 29 and pc.fs. 119957

31 20 or 30 737319

32 15 and 31 31442

33 exp united states/ or baltimore/ or boston/ or chicago/ or “district of columbia”/ or los angeles/ or new york city/ or san francisco/ 1413746

35 32 and (33 or 34) 12684

36 “Social Determinants of Health”/ 4973

37 35 or 36 17553

38 37 and (gap* or limit* or lack* or barrier*).ti,ab. 4878

39 (201907* or 201908* or 201909* or 201910* or 201911* or 201912* or 2020* or 2021*).dt. 3543456

40 38 and 39 857

41 limit 40 to english language 849

849

Focused search: breast cancer screening

CG Nelson Updated CGO 112621 breast cancer final”

Healthcare Disparities/
“Health Services Needs and Demand”/
exp Health Services Accessibility/
exp Socioeconomic Factors/
Minority Groups/
exp Population Groups/
vulnerable populations/ or working poor/
exp Disabled Persons/
exp Sexual Minorities/
Minority Health/
cultural competency/ or cultural diversity/
1 or 2 or 3
or/4-11
13 and (equity or equitable or equal* or fair or parity or unequal* or inequal* or inequit* or undertreat* or under-treat* or access* or disparit* or discriminat*).ti,ab,kw.
12 or 14
exp Preventive Health Services/
exp Mass Screening/
exp Health Promotion/
(“United States Preventive Services Task Force” or “U.S. Preventive Services Task Force” or “U.S.P.S.T.F.” or “USPSTF”).ti,ab,kw,au.
prevent*.ti,ab.
16 or 17 or 18 or 19 or 20
15 and 21
exp united states/ or baltimore/ or boston/ or chicago/ or “district of columbia”/ or los angeles/ or new orleans/ or new york city/ or philadelphia/ or san francisco/
exp africa/ or caribbean region/ or central america/ or latin america/ or canada/ or greenland/ or mexico/ or south america/ or exp antarctic regions/ or exp arctic regions/ or exp asia/ or exp europe/ or exp islands/ or exp oceania/
exp Breast Neoplasms/pc [Prevention & Control]
((breast adj3 cancer) or mammogram or mammography or “clinical breast exam” or (breast adj3 self)).ti,ab,kw.
exp Mass Screening/ or exp early diagnosis/
screen*.ti,ab,kw.
(25 or 26) and (27 or 28)
12 and 21 and 29
14 and 21 and 29
30 or 31
23 and 32
32 not 24
33 or 34
(201907* or 201908* or 201909* or 201910* or 201911* or 201912* or 2020* or 2021*).dt.
35 and 36
limit 37 to english language

Focused search: cervical cancer screening

Healthcare Disparities/
“Health Services Needs and Demand”/
exp Health Services Accessibility/
exp Socioeconomic Factors/
Minority Groups/
exp Population Groups/
vulnerable populations/ or working poor/
exp Disabled Persons/
exp Sexual Minorities/
Minority Health/
cultural competency/ or cultural diversity/
1 or 2 or 3
or/4-11
13 and (equity or equitable or equal* or fair or parity or unequal* or inequal* or inequit* or undertreat* or under-treat* or access* or disparit* or discriminat*).ti,ab,kw.
12 or 14
exp Preventive Health Services/
exp Mass Screening/
exp Health Promotion/
(“United States Preventive Services Task Force” or “U.S. Preventive Services Task Force” or “U.S.P.S.T.F.” or “USPSTF”).ti,ab,kw,au.
prevent*.ti,ab.
16 or 17 or 18 or 19 or 20
15 and 21
exp united states/ or baltimore/ or boston/ or chicago/ or “district of columbia”/ or los angeles/ or new orleans/ or new york city/ or philadelphia/ or san francisco/
exp africa/ or caribbean region/ or central america/ or latin america/ or canada/ or greenland/ or mexico/ or south america/ or exp antarctic regions/ or exp arctic regions/ or exp asia/ or exp europe/ or exp islands/ or exp oceania/
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/
((cervical or cervix) adj3 cancer).ti,ab,kw.
exp Mass Screening/ or exp early diagnosis/
screen*.ti,ab,kw.
(25 or 26) and (27 or 28)
12 and 21 and 29
14 and 21 and 29
30 or 31
23 and 32
32 not 24
33 or 34
(201907* or 201908* or 201909* or 201910* or 201911* or 201912* or 2020* or 2021*).dt.
35 and 36
limit 37 to english language

Focused search: colon cancer screening

CG Nelson Updated CGO 112621 colon cancer screenings”

Healthcare Disparities/
“Health Services Needs and Demand”/
exp Health Services Accessibility/ or health status disparities/ or “social determinants of health”/
exp Socioeconomic Factors/
Minority Groups/
exp Population Groups/
vulnerable populations/ or working poor/
exp Disabled Persons/
exp Sexual Minorities/
Minority Health/
cultural competency/ or cultural diversity/
1 or 2 or 3
or/4-11
13 and (equity or equitable or equal* or fair or parity or unequal* or inequal* or inequit* or undertreat* or under-treat* or access* or disparit* or discriminat*).ti,ab,kw.
12 or 14
exp Preventive Health Services/
exp Mass Screening/
exp Health Promotion/
(“United States Preventive Services Task Force” or “U.S. Preventive Services Task Force” or “U.S.P.S.T.F.” or “USPSTF”).ti,ab,kw,au.
prevent*.ti,ab.
or/16-20
15 and 21
exp united states/ or baltimore/ or boston/ or chicago/ or “district of columbia”/ or los angeles/ or new orleans/ or new york city/ or philadelphia/ or san francisco/
exp africa/ or caribbean region/ or central america/ or latin america/ or canada/ or greenland/ or mexico/ or south america/ or exp antarctic regions/ or exp arctic regions/ or exp asia/ or exp europe/ or exp islands/ or exp oceania/
exp Colorectal Neoplasms/pc [Prevention & Control]
(((colon or colorectal) adj3 cancer) or colonoscopy).ti,ab,kw.
exp Mass Screening/
screen*.ti,ab,kw.
(25 or 26) and (27 or 28)
12 and 21 and 29
14 and 21 and 29
30 or 31
23 and 32
32 not 24
33 or 34
(201907* or 201908* or 201909* or 201910* or 201911* or 201912* or 2020* or 2021*).dt.
35 and 36
limit 37 to english language

Systematic reviews:

CG Nelson Updated CGO 112621 systematic reviews

Healthcare Disparities/
“Health Services Needs and Demand”/
exp Health Services Accessibility/ or health status disparities/ or “social determinants of health”/
exp Socioeconomic Factors/
Minority Groups/
exp Population Groups/
vulnerable populations/ or working poor/
exp Disabled Persons/
exp Sexual Minorities/
Minority Health/
cultural competency/ or cultural diversity/
1 or 2 or 3
or/4-11
13 and (equity or equitable or equal* or fair or parity or unequal* or inequal* or inequit* or undertreat* or under-treat* or access* or disparit* or discriminat*).ti,ab,kw.
12 or 14
exp Preventive Health Services/
exp Mass Screening/
exp Health Promotion/
(“United States Preventive Services Task Force” or “U.S. Preventive Services Task Force” or “U.S.P.S.T.F.” or “USPSTF”).ti,ab,kw,au.
or/16-19
exp diabetes mellitus, type 2/ or prediabetic state/
exp Cardiovascular Diseases/
Aspirin/
exp breast neoplasms/ or exp colorectal neoplasms/ or exp lung neoplasms/ or uterine cervical neoplasms/
exp Obesity/
exp “Tobacco Use Cessation”/
21 or (22 and 23) or 24 or 25
26 or 27
28 and pc.fs.
15 and 29
exp united states/ or baltimore/ or boston/ or chicago/ or “district of columbia”/ or los angeles/ or new york city/ or san francisco/
(“united states” or “u.s.” or alabama or alaska or arizona or arkansas or california or colorado or connecticut or delaware or florida or georgia or hawaii or idaho or illinois or indiana or iowa or kansas or kentucky or louisiana or maine or maryland or massachusetts or michigan or minnesota or mississippi or missouri or montana or nebraska or nevada or “new hampshire” or “new jersey” or “new mexico” or “new york” or “north carolina” or “north dakota” or ohio or oklahoma or oregon or pennsylvania or “rhode island” or “south carolina” or “south dakota” or tennesee or texas or utah or vermont or virginia or washington or “west virginia” or wisconsin or wyoming).ti,ab,kw.
30 and (31 or 32)
africa/ or caribbean region/ or central america/ or canada/ or greenland/ or mexico/ or south america/ or exp asia/ or exp europe/
33 not 34
limit 35 to (meta analysis or systematic reviews)
(medline or systematic or metaanalysis or “meta analysis”).ti,ab.
36 and 37
36 or 38
(201907* or 201908* or 201909* or 201910* or 201911* or 201912* or 2020* or 2021*).dt.
39 and 40
limit 41 to english language

Database: Ovid MEDLINE® Epub Ahead of Print , In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations to July 2019 to Nov 2021

((health or healthcare or “health care” or care) and (equit* or disparit* or inequal* or accessibilit*)).ti,ab,kw.
(socioeconomic or economic or poor or vulnerable or disenfranchis* or (social adj3 class)).ti,ab,kw.
(divers* or minorit* or ethnicit* or race or racial or black* or “african american*” or asian* or “native american*” or indian or hispanic or latin*).ti,ab,kw.
(disabled or challenged or handicapped).ti,ab,kw.
(“sexual adj3 minorit*” or homosexual* or bisexual* or gay* or lesbian* or transgender* or queer or lbg*).ti,ab,kw.
(“cultural competency” or “cultural diversity”).ti,ab,kw.
(preventive or prevention or prevent).ti,ab,kw.
screen*.ti,ab,kw.
(“United States Preventive Services Task Force” or “U.S. Preventive Services Task Force” or “U.S.P.S.T.F.” or “USPSTF”).ti,ab,kw,au.
or/2-6
10 and (equit* or disparit* or inequal* or accessibilit*).ti,ab,kw.
1 or 11
12 and (7 or 8 or 9)
(diabetes or glucose or aspirin or cardiovascular or heart or coronary or “myocardial infarction” or stroke or colorectal or colon or breast or cervical or human papillomavirus or HPV or diet or exercise or “physical activity” or overweight or obese or obesity or metabolic or hypertension or “blood pressure” or lung or tobacco or smoke* or smoking).ti,ab,kw.
13 and 14
(“united states” or “u.s.” or alabama or AL or alaska or AK or arizona or AZ or arkansas or AR or california or CA or Colorado or CO or Connecticut or CT or delaware or DE or florida or FL or georgia or GA or hawaii or HI or Idaho or ID or Illinois or IL or indiana or iowa or IA or Kansas or KS or kentucky or KY or Louisiana or LA).ti,ab,kw,in.
(maine or ME or maryland or MD or Massachusetts or MA or michigan or MI or Minnesota or MN or mississippi or MS or missouri or MO or montana or MT or nebraska or NE or Nevada or NV or “new hampshire” or NH or “new jersey” or NJ or “new mexico” or NM or “new york” or NY or “north carolina” or NC or “north dakota” or ND).ti,ab,kw,in.
(ohio or OH or oklahoma or OK or oregon or pennsylvania or PA or “rhode island” or RI or “south carolina” or SC or “south dakota” or SD or tennesee or TN or texas or TX or Utah or UT or vermont or VT or Virginia or VA or Washington or WA or “west virginia” or WV or wisconsin or WI or Wyoming or WY).ti,ab,kw,in.
15 and (16 or 17 or 18)
(201907* or 201908* or 201909* or 201910* or 201911* or 201912* or 2020* or 2021*).dt.
19 and 20
limit 21 to english language

Database: PsycINFO 1806 to July 2019 thru Nov 2021

CG Nelson Updated CGO 112621 PsycINFO”

1 health disparities/ or treatment barriers/

2 (equit* or disparit* or inequal* or accessibilit*).ti,ab.

3 exp sociocultural factors/

4 exp group differences/

5 minority groups/ or alaska natives/ or american indians/ or asians/ or blacks/ or cultural sensitivity/ or hawaii natives/ or indigenous populations/ or “latinos/latinas”/ or pacific islanders/ or “race and ethnic discrimination”/ or “racial and ethnic groups”/

6 exp disabilities/

7 exp gender identity/

8 exp sexual orientation/

9 (divers* or minorit* or ethnicit* or race or racial or black* or “african american*” or asian* or “native american*” or indian or hispanic or latin*).ti,ab.

10 (“sexual adj3 minorit*” or homosexual* or bisexual* or gay* or lesbian* or transgender* or queer or lbg*).ti,ab.

11 (disabled or challenged or handicapped).ti,ab.

12 (1 or 2) and (or/3-11)

13 exp health promotion/

14 exp DIABETES/

15 exp cardiovascular disorders/

16 exp ASPIRIN/ 517

17 exp breast neoplasms/

18 cancer screening/

19 exp overweight/

20 tobacco smoking/ or smoking cessation/

21 (diabetes or glucose or aspirin or cardiovascular or heart or coronary or “myocardial infarction” or stroke or colorectal or colon or breast or cervical or human papillomavirus or HPV or diet or exercise or “physical activity” or overweight or obese or obesity or metabolic or hypertension or “blood pressure” or lung or tobacco or smoke* or smoking).ti,ab.

22 or/13-21

23 12 and 22

24 (“united states” or “u.s.” or alabama or AL or alaska or AK or arizona or AZ or arkansas or AR or california or CA or Colorado or CO or Connecticut or CT or delaware or DE or florida or FL or georgia or GA or hawaii or HI or Idaho or ID or Illinois or IL or indiana or iowa or IA or Kansas or KS or kentucky or KY or Louisiana or LA).ti,ab,in.

25 (maine or ME or maryland or MD or Massachusetts or MA or michigan or MI or Minnesota or MN or mississippi or MS or missouri or MO or montana or MT or nebraska or NE or Nevada or NV or “new hampshire” or NH or “new jersey” or NJ or “new mexico” or NM or “new york” or NY or “north carolina” or NC or “north dakota” or ND).ti,ab,in.

26 (ohio or OH or oklahoma or OK or oregon or pennsylvania or PA or “rhode island” or RI or “south carolina” or SC or “south dakota” or SD or tennesee or TN or texas or TX or Utah or UT or vermont or VT or Virginia or VA or Washington or WA or “west virginia” or WV or wisconsin or WI or Wyoming or WY).ti,ab,in.

27 24 or 25 or 26

28 23 and (24 or 25 or 26)

29 (201907* or 201908* or 201909* or 201910* or 201911* or 201912* or 2020* or 2021*).up.

30 28 and 29

31 limit 30 to english language 907

Database ProQuest Sociological Abstracts July 2019 to Nov 021 ( Ebsco Soc Index not available)

((((noft(((health OR healthcare OR “health care” OR care) AND (equit* OR disparit* OR inequal* OR accessibilit*))) OR ((noft((socioeconomic OR economic OR poor OR vulnerable OR disenfranchis* OR (social NEAR/3 class))) OR noft((divers* OR minorit* OR ethnicit* OR race OR racial OR black* OR “african american*” OR asian* OR “native american*” OR indian OR hispanic OR latin*)) OR noft((disabled OR challenged OR handicapped)) OR noft((“cultural competency” OR “cultural diversity”)) OR noft(((sexual NEAR/3 minorit*) OR homosexual* OR bisexual* OR gay* OR lesbian* OR transgender* OR queer OR lbg*))) AND noft((equit* OR disparit* OR inequal* OR accessibilit*)))) AND (noft((preventive OR prevention OR prevent)) OR noft((“United States Preventive Services Task Force” OR “U.S. Preventive Services Task Force” OR “U.S.P.S.T.F.” OR “USPSTF”)) OR noft(screen*.))) AND noft((diabetes OR glucose OR aspirin OR cardiovascular OR heart OR coronary OR “myocardial infarction” OR stroke OR colorectal OR colon OR breast OR cervical OR human papillomavirus OR HPV OR diet OR exercise OR “physical activity” OR overweight OR obese OR obesity OR metabolic OR hypertension OR “blood pressure” OR lung OR tobacco OR smoke* OR smoking))) AND noft((“United States” OR USA OR “u.s.” OR Alabama OR Alaska OR Arizona OR Arkansas OR California OR Colorado OR Connecticut OR Delaware OR “District of Columbia” OR Florida OR Georgia OR Hawaii OR Idaho OR Illinois OR Indiana OR Iowa OR Kansas OR Kentucky OR Louisiana OR Maine OR Maryland OR Massachusetts OR Michigan OR Minnesota OR Mississippi OR Missouri OR Montana OR Nebraska OR Nevada OR “New Hampshire” OR “New Jersey” OR “New Mexico” OR “New York” OR “North Carolina” OR “North Dakota” OR Ohio OR Oklahoma OR Oregon OR Pennsylvania OR “Rhode Island” OR “South Carolina” OR “South Dakota” OR Tennessee OR Texas OR Utah OR Vermont OR Virginia OR Washington OR “West Virginia” OR Wisconsin OR Wyoming OR “Puerto Rico”))) NOT (stype.exact(“Magazines” OR “Books”) AND pd(20190701-20211129))

Scopus

( ( ( ( ( ( TITLE-ABS-KEY ( ( health OR healthcare OR “health care” OR care ) AND ( equit* OR disparit* OR inequal* OR accessibilit* ) ) ) OR ( ( TITLE-ABS-KEY ( equit* OR disparit* OR inequal* OR accessibilit* ) ) AND ( ( TITLE-ABS-KEY ( socioeconomic OR economic OR poor OR vulnerable OR disenfranchis* OR “social class” ) ) OR ( TITLE-ABS ( divers* OR minorit* OR ethnicit* OR race OR racial OR black* OR “african american*” OR asian* OR “native american*” OR indian OR hispanic OR latin* ) ) OR ( TITLE-ABS ( disabled OR challenged OR handicapped ) ) OR ( TITLE-ABS-KEY ( “cultural competency” OR “cultural diversity” ) ) OR ( TITLE-ABS ( “sexual W/3 minorit*” OR homosexual* OR bisexual* OR gay* OR lesbian* OR transgender* OR queer OR lbg* ) ) ) ) ) ) AND ( ( TITLE-ABS-KEY ( preventive OR prevention OR prevent ) ) OR ( TITLE-ABS-KEY ( screen* ) ) OR ( TITLE-ABS-KEY ( “United States Preventive Services Task Force” OR “U.S. Preventive Services Task Force” OR “U.S.P.S.T.F.” OR “USPSTF” ) ) ) ) AND ( TITLE-ABS-KEY ( diabetes OR glucose OR aspirin OR cardiovascular OR heart OR coronary OR “myocardial infarction” OR stroke OR colorectal OR colon OR breast OR cervical OR human AND papillomavirus OR hpv OR diet OR exercise OR “physical activity” OR overweight OR obese OR obesity OR metabolic OR hypertension OR “blood pressure” OR lung OR tobacco OR smoke* OR smoking ) ) ) ) AND ( TITLE-ABS-KEY ( “United States” OR usa OR “u.s.” OR alabama OR alaska OR arizona OR arkansas OR california OR colorado OR connecticut OR delaware OR “District of Columbia” OR florida OR georgia OR hawaii OR idaho OR illinois OR indiana OR iowa OR kansas OR kentucky OR louisiana OR maine OR maryland OR massachusetts OR michigan OR minnesota OR mississippi OR missouri OR montana OR nebraska OR nevada OR “New Hampshire” OR “New Jersey” OR “New Mexico” OR “New York” OR “North Carolina” OR “North Dakota” OR ohio OR oklahoma OR oregon OR pennsylvania OR “Rhode Island” OR “South Carolina” OR “South Dakota” OR tennessee OR texas OR utah OR vermont OR virginia OR washington OR “West Virginia” OR wisconsin OR wyoming OR “Puerto Rico” ) ) AND ( PUBDATETXT ( “July 2019” OR “August 2019” OR “September 2019” OR “October 2019” OR “November 2019” OR “December 2019” ) OR PUBYEAR = 2020 OR PUBYEAR = 2021 ) AND ( LIMIT-TO ( LANGUAGE , “English” ) ) …

666 document results