The number of studies and publications do not always correspond (e.g., a publication may include several studies or one study may be explained n several publications).
Effectiveness Review
Britto MT, Pandzik GM, Meeks CS, Kotagal UR. Combining evidence and diffusion of innovation theory to enhance influenza immunization. Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety 2006;32(8):426-32.
Burns IT, Zimmerman RK, Santibanez TA. Effectiveness of chart prompt about immunizations in an urban health center. J Fam Pract 2002;51(12):1018.
Chan L, MacLehose RF, Houck PM. Impact of physician reminders on the use of influenza vaccinations: a randomized trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2002; 83:371-375.
Coyle CM, Currie BP. Improving the rates of inpatient pneumococcal vaccination: impact of standing orders versus computerized reminders to physicians. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 2004;25(11):904 -7.
Dexheimer JW, Talbot TR, Ye F, et al. A computerized pneumococcal vaccination reminder system in the adult emergency department. Vaccine 2011;29(40):7035-41. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.07.032.
Dexter PR, Perkins SM, Overhage JM, Maharry KS, Kohler RB, McDonald CJ. A computerized reminder system to increase the use of preventive care for hospitalized patients. New Engl J Med 2001;345(13):965-70.
Dexter PR, Perkins SM, Maharry KS, Jones K, McDonald CJ. Inpatient computer-based standing orders vs physician reminders to increase influenza and pneumococcal vaccination rates: a randomized trial. JAMA 2004;292:2366-71.
Dubey V, Mathew R, Iglar K, Moineddin R, Glazier R. Improving preventive service delivery at adult complete health check-ups: the preventive health evidence-based recommendation form (PERFORM) cluster randomized controlled trial. BMC Fam Pract 2006;7:44.
Fiks AG, Hunter KF, Localio AR, et al. Impact of electronic health record-based alerts on influenza vaccination for children with asthma. Pediatrics 2009;124(1):159-69.
Fishbein DB, Willis BC, Cassidy WM, Marioneaux D, Winston CA. A comprehensive patient assessment and physician reminder tool for adult immunization: effect on vaccine administration. Vaccine 2006;24:3971-83.
Flanagan JR, Doebbeling BN, Dawson J, Beekmann S. Randomized study of online vaccine reminders in adult primary care. Proceedings / AMIA Annual Symposium AMIA Symposium 1999;755-9.
Gill JM, Saldarriaga AM. The impact of a computerized physician reminder and a mailed patient reminder on influenza immunizations for older patients. Delaware Medical Journal 2000;72(10):425 -30.
Hambidge SJ, Davidson AJ, Phibbs SL, Chandramouli V, Zerbe G, LeBaron CW et al. Strategies to improve immunization rates and well-child care in a disadvantaged population: a cluster randomized controlled trial. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004;158(2):162-9.
Hogg W, Bass MJ, Colange N, Crouch H, Satenstein G. Randomized controlled study of customized preventive medicine reminder letters in a community practice. Canadian Family Physician 1998;44:81-8.
Honeycutt AA, Coleman MS, Anderson WL, Wirth KE. Cost-effectiveness of hospital vaccination programs in North Carolina. Vaccine 2007;25(8):1484 -96.
Humiston SG, Bennett NM, Long C, et al. Increasing inner-city adult influenza vaccination rates: a randomized controlled trial. Public Health Reports 2011;126:39-47.
Latessa RA, Cummings DM, Lilley SH, Morrissey SL. Changing practices in the use of pneumococcal vaccine. Family Medicine 2000; 32(3):196-200.
MacIntyre CR, Kainer MA, Brown GV. A randomised, clinical trial comparing the effectiveness of hospital and community-based reminder systems for increasing uptake of influenza and pneumococcal vaccine in hospitalised patients aged 65 years and over. Gerontology 2003; 49:33-40.
Margolis PA, Lannon CM, Stuart JM, Fried BJ, Keyes EL, Moore DE. Practice based education to improve delivery systems for prevention in primary care: randomised trial. BMJ 2004; 328:388.
Mason BW, Donnelly PD. Targeted mailing of information to improve uptake of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine: a randomised controlled trial. Commun Dis Public Health 2000;3(1):67-8.
Muehleisen B, Baer G, Schaad UB, Heininger U. Assessment of immunization status in hospitalized children followed by counseling of parents and primary care physicians improves vaccination coverage: an interventional study. Journal of Pediatrics 2007; 151(6):704-6.
Nowalk MP, Middleton DB, Zimmerman RK, Hess MM, Skledar SJ, Jacobs MA. Increasing pneumococcal vaccination rates among hospitalized patients. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 2003;24(7):526-31.
Patwardhan A, Kelleher K, Cunningham D, Spencer C. Improving the influenza vaccination rate in patients visiting pediatric rheumatology clinics using automatic best practice alert in electronic patient records. Pediatric Rheumatology 2012;10(Suppl 1):A106.
Rhew DC, Glassman PA, Goetz MB. Improving pneumococcal vaccine rates. Nurse protocols versus clinical reminders. Journal of General Internal Medicine 1999;14:351-6.
Shaw JS, Samuels RC, Larusso EM, Bernstein HH. Impact of an encounter-based prompting system on resident vaccine administration performance and immunization knowledge. Pediatrics 2000; 105:978-83.
Shevlin JD, Summers BC, Thomas D, Whitney CG, Todd D, Ray SM. A systematic approach for increasing pneumococcal vaccination rates at an inner-city public hospital. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2002;22:92-7.
Tang PC, LaRosa MP, Newcomb C, Gorden SM. Measuring the effects of reminders for outpatient influenza immunizations at the point of clinical opportunity. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 1999;(2):115-21.
Zimmerman RK, Hoberman A, Nowalk MP, Lin CJ, Greenberg DP, Weinberg ST et al. Improving influenza vaccination rates of high-risk inner-city children over 2 intervention years. Annals of Family Medicine 2006;4(6):534-40.
Economic Review
Bell LM, Pritchard M, Anderko R, Levenson R. A program to immunize hospitalized preschool-aged children: evaluation and impact. Pediatrics 1997;100(2):192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.100.2.192.
Frame PS, Zimmer JG, Werth PL, Hall WJ, Eberly SW. Computer-based vs manual health maintenance tracking: a controlled trial. Arch Fam Med 1994;3(7):581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archfami.3.7.581.
Honeycutt AA, Coleman MS, Anderson WL, Wirth KE. Cost-effectiveness of hospital vaccination programs in North Carolina. Vaccine 2007;25(8):1484-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.10.029.
Rosser WW, Hutchison BG, McDowell I, Newell C. Use of reminders to increase compliance with tetanus booster vaccination. CMAJ 1992;146(6):911.
Shevlin JD, Summers-Bean C, Thomas D, Whitney CG, Todd D, Ray SM. A systematic approach for increasing pneumococcal vaccination rates at an inner-city public hospital. Am J Prev Med 2002;22(2):92-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(01)00408-1.
Effectiveness Review
The CPSTF findings are based on studies included in the original review (search period 1980-1997) combined with studies identified in the updated search (search period 1997- February 2012). Reference lists of articles reviewed as well as lists in review articles were also searched, and members of our coordination team were consulted for additional references.
Details of the original search (1980-1997)
The following five electronic databases were searched during the original review period of 1980 up to 1997: MEDLINE, Embase, Psychlit, CAB Health, and Sociological Abstracts. The team also reviewed reference lists in articles and consulted with immunization experts. To be included in the review, a study had to:
- have a publication date of 1980–1997;
- address universally recommended adult, adolescent, or childhood vaccinations;
- be a primary study rather than, for example, a guideline or review;
- take place in an industrialized country or countries;
- be written in English;
- meet the evidence review and Guide chapter development team’s definition of the interventions; provide information on one or more outcomes related to the analytic frameworks; and
- compare a group of persons who had been exposed to the intervention with a group who had not been exposed or who had been less exposed. In addition, we excluded studies with least suitable designs for two interventions (provider reminder/recall and client reminder/recall) where the literature was most extensive.
Details of the update search (1997- February 2012)
The team conducted a broad literature search to identify studies assessing the effectiveness of Vaccine Preventable Disease interventions in improving vaccination rates. The following nine databases were searched during the period of 1997 up to February 2012: CABI, CINAHL, The Cochrane Library, EMBASE, ERIC, MEDLINE, PSYCHINFO, Soci Abs and WOS. Reference lists of articles reviewed as well as lists in review articles were also searched, and subject matter experts consulted for additional references. To be included in the updated review, a study had to:
- have a publication date of 1997- February 2012;
- evaluate vaccinations with universal recommendations;
- meet the evidence review and Guide chapter development team’s definition of the interventions;
- be a primary research study with one or more outcomes related to the analytic frameworks;
- take place in an high income country or countries;
- be written in English
- compare a group of persons who had been exposed to the intervention with a group who had not been exposed or who had been less exposed. In addition, we excluded studies with least suitable designs for two interventions (provider reminder/recall and client reminder/recall) where the literature was most extensive
Search Terms
- Immunization
- Vaccination
- Immunization Programs
Economic Review
The present review included studies that reported economic outcomes from the 2000 review (search period 1980-1997) combined with studies identified from updated searches (search period 1997- February 2012) within the standard medical and health-related research databases, Google Scholar, and databases specialized to economics and social sciences. The details of the two sets of searches are provided below.
Details of the Updated Search (1997- February 2012)
The team conducted a broad literature search to identify studies assessing interventions to improve vaccination rates. The following nine databases were searched during the period of 1997 up to February 2012: CABI, CINAHL, The Cochrane Library, EMBASE, ERIC, MEDLINE, PSYCHINFO, Soci Abs and WOS. In addition, Google Scholar and specialized databases (CRD-University of York: NHS EED, EconLit, and JSTOR), were also searched. Reference lists of articles reviewed as well as lists in review articles were also considered, and subject matter experts consulted for additional references.
Search Terms
- Immunization
- Vaccination
- Immunization Programs
To be included in the updated review, a study had to do the following:
- Have a publication date of 1997- February 2012
- Evaluate vaccinations with universal recommendations
- Meet the evidence review and Community Guide review team's definition of the interventions
- Be a primary research study with one or more outcomes related to the analytic framework(s)
- Take place in a high income country or countries
- Be written in English; and
- Compare a group of persons who had been exposed to the intervention with a group who had not been exposed or who had been less exposed.
Details of the Original Search (1980-1997)
The following five electronic databases were searched during the original review period of 1980 up to 1997: MEDLINE, Embase, Psychlit, CAB Health, and Sociological Abstracts. The team also reviewed reference lists in articles and consulted with immunization experts. To be included, a study had to do the following:
- Have a publication date of 1980–1997
- Address universally recommended adult, adolescent, or childhood vaccinations
- Be a primary study rather than, for example, a guideline or review
- Take place in an industrialized country or countries
- Be written in English
- Meet the definition of the interventions
- Provide information on one or more outcomes related to the analytic frameworks; and
- Compare a group of persons who had been exposed to the intervention with a group who had not been exposed or who had been less exposed. In addition, we excluded studies with least suitable designs for two interventions (provider reminder/recall and client reminder/recall) where the literature was most extensive.
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