Increasing Tobacco Use Cessation: Mass Media-Cessation Series – Inactive
The reviews and findings listed on this page are inactive. Inactive reviews and findings are not scheduled for an update at this time, though they may be updated in the future. Findings become inactive when reviewed interventions are no longer commonly used, when other organizations begin systematically reviewing the interventions, or as a result of conflicting priorities within a topic area.
Summary of CPSTF Finding
Intervention
CPSTF Finding and Rationale Statement
Context
Summary of Results
- All nine studies evaluated the effectiveness of cessation series combined with other interventions, such as community education (e.g., distribution of self-help cessation manuals), organized cessation groups or programs, or telephone cessation support.
- Qualifying studies had inadequate comparison populations or groups and the results from these studies were inconsistent.
These findings were based on a systematic review of all available studies, conducted on behalf of the Task Force by a team of specialists in systematic review methods, and in research, practice and policy related to tobacco use and secondhand smoke exposure.
Summary of Economic Evidence
Applicability
Evidence Gaps
Each Community Preventive Services Task Force (Task Force) review identifies critical evidence gaps areas where information is lacking. Evidence gaps can exist whether or not a recommendation is made. In cases when the Task Force finds insufficient evidence to determine whether an intervention strategy works, evidence gaps encourage researchers and program evaluators to conduct more effectiveness studies. When the Task Force recommends an intervention, evidence gaps highlight missing information that would help users determine if the intervention could meet their particular needs. For example, evidence may be needed to determine where the intervention will work, with which populations, how much it will cost to implement, whether it will provide adequate return on investment, or how users should structure or deliver the intervention to ensure effectiveness. Finally, evidence may be missing for outcomes different from those on which the Task Force recommendation is based.
Identified Evidence Gaps
Effectiveness
The effectiveness of increasing the unit price for tobacco products and mass media campaigns (when implemented with other interventions) is established. However, research issues regarding the effectiveness of these interventions remain.
- What intervention components contribute most to effectiveness of multicomponent interventions? What components contribute the least?
- What are the minimum and optimal requirements for the duration and intensity of mass media campaigns?
- What are the most effective combinations of messages for mass media campaigns?
- Do tobacco users respond differently to changes in product price that result from excise tax increases than to industry-induced increases?
- How long do the effects of a single excise tax increase last? Because the effectiveness of mass media cessation series and smoking cessation contests has not been established, basic research questions remain.
Because the effectiveness of mass media cessation series and smoking cessation contests has not been established, basic research questions remain.
- Are these interventions effective in increasing tobacco use cessation in the population?
- Do recruited tobacco users exposed to these interventions quit at a greater rate than recruited tobacco users not exposed to these interventions?
- What are the rates of participation in these interventions?
Applicability
The effectiveness of increasing the unit price and of mass media campaigns in reducing tobacco use in the population is established. However, identifying differences in the effectiveness of each intervention for specific subgroups of the population remains important.
- Do significant differences exist regarding the effectiveness of these interventions, based on the level of scale (i.e., national, state, local) at which they are delivered?
- What are the effects of mass media campaigns among populations that differ by race and ethnicity?
Other Positive or Negative Effects
Several potential negative effects of tobacco product price increases were reviewed in this evaluation. Although further research on the potential negative effects is warranted, evaluating the effect of potential positive effects of reductions in tobacco use should also be investigated to provide a complete picture of the effects of increases in state and federal excise taxes.
- What are the effects of these interventions on reducing smoking-related fires? What are the effects on secondhand smoke exposure?
- What proportion of smokers substitute tobacco products, modify their smoking habits, or both in response to an increase in the price of tobacco products? How much of the potential health benefit of a price increase is reduced by these behaviors? How can these potential problems be reduced?
- Do mass media campaigns that focus on tobacco have additional effects on other drug use?
Economic Evaluations
The available economic information on mass media campaigns was limited. Considerable research is, therefore, warranted regarding the following questions:
- What are the costs of mass media campaigns, especially campaigns that achieve an effective intensity over an extended duration?
- How do the costs per additional quitter compare with other interventions intended to reduce tobacco use?
- What is the cost-benefit, cost-utility, or cost per illness averted of these interventions?
Barriers
Implementation of these interventions requires political action and support. Research issues generated in this review include the following:
- What components of successful legislative and referendum campaigns are most effective? What components are least effective?
- What information is most important in gaining public support for these interventions? In gaining legislative support?
- What are the most effective ways to maintain adequate funding levels for mass media campaigns?
Study Characteristics
Publications
Task Force on Community Services. Recommendations regarding interventions to reduce tobacco use and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2001;20(2S):10-5.
Hopkins DP, Husten CG, Fielding JE, Rosenquist JN, Westphal LL. Evidence reviews and recommendations on interventions to reduce tobacco use and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke: a summary of selected guidelines. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2001;20(2S):67-87.
Wasserman MP. Guide to community preventive services: state and local opportunities for tobacco use reduction. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2001;20(2S):8-9.
Curry SJ, Fiore MC, Burns ME. Community-level tobacco interventions: perspective of managed care. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2001;20(2S):6-7.
Satcher D. Forward: note from the Surgeon General. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2001;20(2S):1.
Warner KE. Tobacco control policy: from action to evidence and back again. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2001;20(2S):2-5.
Task Force on Community Services, Zaza S, Briss PA, Harris KW. Tobacco. In: The Guide to Community Preventive Services: What Works to Promote Health? Atlanta (GA): Oxford University Press; 2005:3-79.
Analytic Framework
Summary Evidence Table
Included Studies
Flay BR, Gruder CL, Warnecke RB, Jason LA, Peterson P. One year follow-up of the Chicago televised smoking cessation program. American Journal of Public Health 1989;79:1377-80.
Jason LA, Gruder CL, Martino S, Flay BR, Warnecke R, Thomas N. Work site group meetings and the effectiveness of a televised smoking cessation intervention. American Journal of Community Psychology 1987;15:57-72.
Jason LA, Tait E, Goodman D, Buckenberger L, Gruder CL. Effects of a televised smoking cessation intervention among low-income and minority smokers. Am J Community Psychol 1988;16:863 76.
Millar WJ, Naegele BE. Time to quit: community involvement in smoking cessation. Canadian Journal of Public Health 1987;78:109-14.
Mudde AN, de Vries H. The reach and effectiveness of a national mass media-led smoking cessation campaign in The Netherlands. American Journal of Public Health 1999;89:346-50.
Salina D, Jason LA, Hedeker D, et al. A follow-up of a media-based, worksite smoking cessation program. American Journal of Community Psychology 1994;22:257-71.
Sutton S, Hallett R. Randomized trial of brief individual treatment for smoking using nicotine chewing gum in a workplace setting. American Journal of Public Health 1987;77:1210-1.
Warnecke RB, Langenberg P, Wong SC, Flay BR, Cook TD. The second Chicago televised smoking cessation program: a 24-month follow-up. American Journal of Public Health 1992;82:835-40.